Eighth Grade - ELA
1: Semester 1
Unit 1: Abigail Adams
Lesson 1
Getting to Know Abigail Adams
Students complete a chronology section asking them to list five key events with dates, which requires identifying and organizing events in sequence. Students are asked to plan and write letters that "read like a letter that someone would actually send," with instructions that "all parts of the letter connecting to one another," encouraging coherent sequencing of ideas. Students analyze chapter titles, table of contents, and summary questions, which involves recognizing order and relationships among sections and events.
Lesson 2
John and Abigail Adams
Students are explicitly taught that "A transition connects one part of a piece of writing to another in a logical and seamless way" and that a topic sentence may follow a transition. In the paragraph-analysis activities, students identify transitional words (for example, the answer key notes that 'But' transitions from the previous paragraph) and one prompt asks students to note whether a sentence "Provides transition to next line/next paragraph." The answer keys also identify a sentence that "transitions to the next paragraph about resistance," showing students examine how sentences link paragraphs.
Lesson 4
Continental Congress
Students are asked to identify and underline words that signal conditional or subjunctive moods, and examples in the activity use subordinating words and phrases such as "If the team practices more," "After my computer is fixed," "Unless the colonists revolted," and "When it rains." The worksheets include sentences that contain temporal and causal connectors (if, after, unless, when) and require students to label the mood (conditional or subjunctive) and note the words that identify it. The teacher notes and answer keys explicitly point out these connective words when explaining mood.
Lesson 7
Education
The Paragraph Analysis student page asks students to determine the role of each sentence and lists suggested statements including "Provides transition to (next line/next paragraph)," which directs students to notice transitional functions. The lesson's guiding questions and "Ideas to Think About" emphasize attention to paragraph structure and how sentences work together, and the wrapping up/Things to Review ask caregivers to review the student's paragraph analysis.
Final Project
A One-Person Play
Students are prompted to review "the parts of a well-written paragraph (topic sentence, transitions, supporting sentences, concluding observation)" on the study guide, and the Student Activity Pages include space for notes on transitions. Students must plan three scenes with dates and summaries and write short scripts that explain events and their impacts, which requires sequencing and signaling shifts across scenes. The rubric requires inclusion of three critical events and accurate dates, which asks students to organize and present events in sequence.
Unit 2: Animal Farm
Lesson 2
Major's Dream
Students review parts of speech that include adverbs (noted as telling when, where, how, or why) and conjunctions (noted as linking words, phrases, or clauses) in the Parts of Speech Review. Students label adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, verbs, and prepositional phrases in sentences from Animal Farm on the activity pages, with examples that include adverbial words (e.g., "already," "hurriedly") and coordinating conjunctions (e.g., "and"). Activity instructions require students to identify and mark subjects, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and parts of speech within context.
Lesson 5
The Battle of the Cowshed
Students are instructed to "pay attention to the order of events" as they reread the chapter and to "map out where everyone was... at the beginning, middle, and end of the battle," using arrows or dotted lines to show movements. The map activity requires students to indicate individuals' starting points and movements through time (beginning, middle, end), which has them represent the sequence and relationships among events visually.
Lesson 7
Changes on the Farm
The Getting Started paragraph models simple transition words for sequence ("First," "After the rebellion," "and, eventually") as it describes changes in leadership. Activity 1 asks students to use a graphic organizer divided into three time-ordered sections (Mr. Jones → Napoleon and Snowball → Napoleon) connected by downward arrows, prompting students to record observations across a sequence of leadership phases. Question #1 asks students to describe how the animals' work changed under Napoleon's rule, which requires noting events or conditions over time.
Final Project
Animal Farm Letter
Students are directed to outline the body of their letter with an introduction, at least three supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion, and to "organize those ideas in a way that makes sense." The outline instructions explicitly describe using Roman numerals, letters, and numbers to indicate order and relationships between ideas, and the Organization rubric evaluates clarity, structure, topic sentences, and logical flow. The editing checklist asks students to read their letters aloud and check whether the introduction, paragraph main ideas, and overall flow are clear and not "choppy," which prompts attention to sequencing and coherence.
Unit 3: Einstein Adds a New Dimension
Lesson 2
Descriptive Writing
The lesson explicitly tells students to "use spatial transition words (like 'beside,' 'under,' 'between,' and 'around') to move the reader around the picture smoothly and logically" and asks students to write a paragraph describing a picture using those words. The Parent Plan Skills list includes "Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts." The parent check instructions also ask that the student's paragraph "included clear transitions and wasn't just a collection of descriptive phrases."
Lesson 4
Process Writing
Students are explicitly told that "The writer uses transition words for clarity" and are directed to a "Process Writing Transition" graphic that lists many transition words and phrases (first, next, then, finally, as soon as, meanwhile, at the same time, etc.). The Skills section states students should "Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts." The student task requires writing a short process or sequence piece and the parent/teacher guidance asks reviewers to look for "Clear transitions that move the reader smoothly from step to step."
Lesson 6
Cause and Effect Writing
The lesson explicitly directs writers to use transition words and includes a "Cause/Effect Writing Transition" chart that lists cause/effect and condition connectors (for example: because, as a result, due to, therefore, if...then, consequently, one cause/another cause). The Skills section states students should "use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts." The Parent Plan also tells reviewers to look for the use of transition words and phrases in students' writing.
Lesson 7
Relativity
Students read two versions of an experiment write-up where Version 2 uses sequencing words ("First, fill... Next, use...") and the text explicitly notes that "Version 1 also lacks clear transitions." Students are asked to design a poster that communicates complex scientific ideas clearly and concisely, which implicitly models organized sequencing and clarity in written communication.
Lesson 8
Comparison and Contrast Writing
The lesson explicitly tells students to use transition words to link thoughts and includes a "Comparison/Contrast Transition" chart listing many comparative and contrastive words (e.g., likewise, similarly, however, in contrast). The parent and skills sections state students should "use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts," and the assignment asks students to look for and use transition words and phrases in their writing. The sample paragraph and planning pages model transitions in student writing (e.g., "First," "In contrast," "Although") and the planning/organizing pages require students to craft topic sentences and points that they then connect with transitions.
Lesson 10
Problem and Solution Writing
The lesson explicitly instructs students to "use transition words to link one thought to another" and provides a "Problem/Solution Writing Transition" chart listing phrases such as "therefore," "as a result," "because," "furthermore," and "one solution." The sample problem/solution paragraph models transitional phrasing (e.g., "Throughout history," "One solution," "Even though," "Since," "Another solution," "However") that students can emulate. The assignment asks students to organize a problem, two solutions with pros and cons, and a chosen solution, which requires linking ideas with transitions.
Final Project
Research Paper
Students are asked to circle transition words or phrases in each topic sentence of a student model, with the answer key identifying examples like "First," "Another," and "also." The Skills list explicitly includes "Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts." The Research Rubric evaluates "Sentence Fluency" including the "Use of transitions for smooth flow," and students are prompted to review lessons that list "commonly used transition words and phrases."
Unit 4: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Lesson 1
Introduction to Mark Twain and the Novel
Students are asked to trace Huck and Jim's journey on a map and to number nine circles in the order of places the characters visit, which requires them to identify and record sequence of events. Students also write journal entries summarizing author background, chapter questions, and historical research, which asks them to recount events and summarize what they have read. The skills list includes determining central ideas and providing objective summaries, implying students will organize events over the course of the text.
Unit 5: Elijah of Buxton
Lesson 1
Introduction to the Novel
Students are taught what a flashback is ("A flashback is a scene set earlier in time than the plot of the story") and are asked to read a passage, highlight the flashback, and answer questions about its effect. The lesson asks students to explain why the flashback was used and what it reveals about the narrator, and to complete a student page analyzing the flashback from Chapters 1–2. Students also write short narrative pieces (a 6–8 sentence journal entry or a speech) that require sequencing events and recounting past experiences.
Lesson 2
The Preacher
Students summarize the flashback at the beginning of Chapter 4, identifying and explaining a shift to an earlier time frame. Students answer sequencing questions (for example, what Elijah does after school) and complete short narrative tasks (a 4–5 sentence 'Showing Emotion' paragraph and a 3–4 sentence welcome note) that require ordering events. Students edit sentences that include coordinating conjunctions (e.g., 'but') and correct punctuation when joining clauses.
Lesson 8
Transitions and Characters
The lesson explicitly lists the skill to "Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses" and provides multiple transition lists (Time/Sequence, Clarification, Comparison, Contrast, Emphasize, Conclude). Students are asked to identify transition words in passages from Elijah of Buxton (Exercise 1) and to circle transition words and phrases that connect sentences (Exercise 2). Students complete fill-in-the-blank sentences that require selecting appropriate transitions (sentences A–H) and are prompted to use example transitions in their own sentences during review.
Lesson 9
Transitions and Humor
Students read an explicit skills statement that they should "use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence, signal shifts...". Students study labeled categories of transitions (time/sequence, comparison/agreement, contrast/opposition, clarification, emphasize, conclude) with examples drawn from Elijah of Buxton. Students complete the "Transitions Part 2" activity where they choose a specified transition type and write a sentence that logically follows a prompt, practicing selection and placement of transition words or phrases.
Lesson 11
Story Reflections
Students are asked to create a plot diagram and to list seven events in chronological order leading to the climax and three events for the falling action, requiring them to organize events by sequence. Students must write a paragraph explaining their personal connection and are prompted to use specific examples from the book and explain the impact of those incidents, which requires linking events and ideas. The parent notes and review prompts repeatedly reference conflict, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution, reinforcing practice with ordering and relating events.
Final Project
Personal Narrative
Students are explicitly required to include "Transition words or phrases to connect the time order of the story and to show relationships between different parts of the narrative" in their finished narrative. The rubric evaluates that "Transition words help the reader understand the connection between sections of the story" and that the author "chooses appropriate and varied transitions." A Literary Devices task asks students to write two sentences connected by a transition, and composing instructions tell students to add transitions during revision.
2: Semester 2
Unit 1: The House of the Scorpion
Lesson 1
Cloning
Students are asked to "Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence" in the Skills list, and the Persuasive Essay Rubric explicitly states, "Transition words help the reader understand the connection between sections of the essay." Students practice identifying persuasive techniques in Activity 3 where a sample paragraph is annotated to label a line as a "transition." Students are required to write a five-paragraph essay and the rubric and draft instructions expect use of transitions between sections.
Unit 2: Watership Down
Lesson 12
Dramatic Enactment
Students are asked to write a 3–5 minute script for a chosen scene, considering the actions characters take as well as the words they speak. Students must decide whether to add or omit material and include notes for music, lighting, or other effects, then practice enacting and perform the scene. These tasks require students to organize events and convey relationships among actions when creating and rehearsing their dramatization.
Unit 3: The Book Thief
Lesson 9
Close Calls
Students are prompted in the Painting Sentences activity to add a temporal element by answering "When?" and the example explicitly begins with the time phrase "That afternoon," which models placing a time phrase to convey when an event occurred. The activity asks students to "Paint the Predicate" including prompts for How, When, and Where, and students produce revised sentences that incorporate the chosen time phrase into sentence openings. The example final sentence shows a temporal phrase used to set sequence: "That afternoon, Liesel..."
Unit 4: To Kill a Mockingbird
Lesson 1
Historical Context
The lesson defines phrases and clauses (independent and dependent) and gives examples, including the adverbial time clause "When my father was admitted to the bar...". Student activities require underlining independent and dependent clauses, drawing arrows from dependent clauses to the words they modify, and identifying prepositional and verbal phrases. Answer keys show dependent clauses that convey time or relationships within sentences from the text.
Lesson 9
Order in the Court
Students are asked to put trial steps in order by cutting and gluing boxes to show the sequence of events, and the flowchart/answer key explicitly lists ordered steps from opening statements through verdict and sentencing. The student worksheet includes fill-in-the-blank prompts that rely on sequence language (e.g., "After Mayella's testimony, the prosecution __."). Explanatory text describing courtroom procedure uses temporal connectors such as "then," "once," and "when" to describe the order of actions.
Lesson 11
The Mockingbird
Students are directed to identify coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) and to box subordinate conjunctions or pronouns; they underline independent clauses and dependent clauses with different colors. Practice sentences include examples that use temporal/subordinating words—e.g., "Atticus was reading the newspaper when we stumbled in" and "The gentle hum ... grew louder as she opened the door"—and diagrams label "when" and "as" as conjunctions. The Parent Plan notes a focus on adverb (dependent) clauses and the materials show diagrams connecting dependent clauses to independent clauses.
Final Project
Oral Book Presentation
Students plan a multi-part oral presentation with ordered slides (Slide 1: Historical Context; Slide 2: A Character; Slide 3: Plot; Slide 4: Themes; Slide 5: Personal Reactions) and are instructed to allocate each segment about 1–2 minutes and record key points on a graphic organizer and index cards. Students must summarize the plot and important events on the "Plot" slide and in the presentation, which requires arranging events in sequence. The study guide and unit test require students to know the difference between phrases and clauses, identify dependent and independent clauses, and distinguish compound and complex sentences, and students diagram and revise sentences on the test.
Unit 5: Great American Poets
Lesson 8
Robert Frost
Activity 3 explicitly teaches the use of dashes to introduce lists, define or clarify, and set off information, and it presents Emily Dickinson's Poem 632 as an example of dashes indicating long pauses and interruptions. Students are asked to complete a "Hyphens and Dashes" page and to analyze the effect of specific dashes in poems such as "The Road Not Taken" and "Two Tramps in Mud Time," with answer-key guidance noting that dashes cause dramatic pauses and emphasize ideas.
